5. Because of its weight and length, it needed to be wielded by both hands. This meant the left arm was no longer free to effectively use the large aspis shield. They instead used a smaller shield called a pelte that was slung around the neck and rested on the left arm.
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8. The butt spike wasn’t offensive, but served two purposes:
9. First, it counterbalanced the spear head. If you hold an 18 foot pole with nearly 15 feet sticking out in front of you and there’s a weight on the end, you need an even heavier weight on the short end balance it out. Otherwise, it would be impossible to hold up for more than a few minutes.
15. Conquest of Greece The Athenian orator Demosthenes (dee•MAHS•thuh•NEEZ) tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed. He urged them to unite against him. They didn’t listen The Macedonians soundly defeated the Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea (KAIR•uh•NEE•uh).
16. Phillip’s Successor Phillip planned to invade Persia next, but never got the chance. He was stabbed by a former guardsman at his daughter’s wedding. His son, Alexander, takes over for daddy.
17. Alexander He was personally tutored by the philosopher Aristotle (who was Plato’s student and Plato was Socrates’ student). Aristotle taught him philosophy, ethics, rhetoric, literature, etc. Also gave Alex a copy of the Iliad which Alex held dear and read often. Bear in mind the Iliad contains a lot of heroics and doing great deeds. Alexander becomes king and immediately gains the full support of the army (the most important thing). Though he was only 20 at the time, he had already proved himself in battle as both an effective warrior and a good commander.
20. The second time around, most hesitated while Thebes decided to resist. The Thebans were crushed.
21. As punishment and as a warning to others, Alexander razed the city sold the populace into slavery (6,000 killed and 30,000 sold for 440 talents of silver).
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24. Darius is soundly defeated at both Granicus and Issus, however, and Alexander liberates the Greek city-states in Asia Minor.
26. Eventually, during the siege of Tyre, Darius offers Alexander the western empire and 10,000 talents if he’ll stop.
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28. Alexander’s Ambition Alexander’s army soon occupies the capitals of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis. The city of Persepolis is completely destroyed by a fire. Historians think Alexander intentionally set the fire as revenge of the Persians burning Athens 150 years before. Alexander denies any wrongdoing
29. Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander and his army now set off to conquer more land and to finish off that pesky Darius (he keeps escaping) However, Alex finds Darius murdered by one of his people. Like Batman, Alexander cannot be satisfied with a normal life. So, instead of returning to Babylon, Alex sets off to conquer the rest of the world. Besides, he was more interested in expanding his empire than in governing it.
31. Are we there yet? After 11 years and 11, 000 miles, Alexander’s troops were tired and wanted to go home. He refuses, then finally caves in Soon after his return, Alexander becomes seriously ill with a fever and dies 11 days later. He was only 32.
32. Who will replace him Alexander’s vast empire gets divvied up among three generals Ptolemy got Egypt Antigonus got Greece Selecus got Persia Not surprisingly, they immediately began fighting with each other.
33. Alexander the Great’s Legacy By conquering most of the know world, Alexander spreads Greek culture and ideals everywhere. Alexander’s conquests ended the era of independent Greek city-states. As he and his army marched through the Persian Empire, thousands of Greek artists, merchants, and officials followed. Alexander himself adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman. He included Persians and people from other lands in his army. As time passed, Greek settlers throughout the empire also adopted new ways. A vibrant new culture emerged from the blend of Greek, Egyptian, and Eastern customs.
![Phillip Builds Macedonia’s Power The Macedonians, who had strong Greek influences, considered themselves Greek. ,[object Object],King Philip II ruled Macedon starting in 359 BC.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)